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Rhp Bearings Technical Handbook The RHP Group is a dynamic, innovative and customer focused organisation made up of two Registered Providers (RPs). Technical information for assisting in selecting. Please contact NSK-RHP. RHP Self-Lube bearings. 4 5 Introduction 2 Product Selection 3. Cases please consult NSK-RHP, or refer to the RHP Technical Handbook. All cast iron units are fitted with a standard re-greaseable bearing insert. The housings are. Consult NSK Europe Ltd.' S entire Bearing Replacement Guide. Technical Information Terminology Bearing Types and. RHP - Highly reliable bearings.
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Bearing Fits Bearings are usually fitted with an interference fit on one race and a sliding. RH bearing = bearings in 0 arrangement for wider. RHP Bearings load. Norton 750cc Service Notes. Group 3: -Crankcases, breathing and main bearings. The 22T gearbox sprocket is used as on 850s and 2. The Hoffmann bearing-now RHP.
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1 Super-precision bearings interchange
2 Contents Use of the equivalent data manual Super-precision angular contact ball bearings Super-precision cylindrical roller bearings Super-precision double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings Super-precision angular contact thrust ball bearings for screw drives
3 Use of the equivalents data manual SKF offers a wide range of super-precision bearings. They are designed for machine tool spindles and other applications that require a high level of ruing accuracy at high to extremely high speeds. This interchange guide to SKF super-precision bearings provides fast and easy conversions of manufacturer's designations to the SKF equivalent designations. However, it will not result in an identical bearing, since competitors designs may vary from SKF designs, and you can have differences in shoulder diameter, number of balls, cage location, etc. The interchange information was compiled using data available at the time of publication; however, SKF makes no claims about performance equivalence and assumes no responsibility or liability for use of this interchange information. This interchange is to be used as a guideline only, as manufacturers designations may change without notice. Interchanges to SKF super-precision bearings are made in the following bearing types: super-precision angular contact ball bearings super-precision cylindrical roller bearings super-precision double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings super-precision angular contact thrust ball bearings for screw drives 2 Use the tables to identify the characteristics and features of the bearing by identifying the prefix or suffix (symbol means information not available ; symbol means not included in the range ). 3 Use the SKF designation system tables to construct the complete SKF designation of the bearing. If the bearing designation is not recognizable or incomplete, please contact the SKF application engineering service or your local SKF company with as much information as possible regarding external dimensions, bearing type, cage, ball and ring material, number of rolling elements, bearing set arrangement and preload, and manufacturer of the bearing and the machine. Detailed information on the individual SKF super-precision bearing types, including their characteristics and the available designs, is provided in the SKF catalogue Super-precision bearings ( Publ ) or at skf.com. Work flow to crossover super-precision bearing designations 1 Determine the manufacturer and designation of the bearing. This is normally found on the side face of the bearing. 3
4 4
5 Super-precision angular contact ball bearings SKF super-precision angular contact ball bearings high-capacity D design (1), high-speed E design (2), high-speed B design (3). examples SKF S7016 ACE/HCP4ADGA SKF 7010 CD/P4ADGB SKF S AC E HC P4A DG A C D P4A DG B NSK 80 B ER 10 H T V1V DU EL P4Y C TR DU L P4 FAG HC RS D 2RSD T P4S DU L B C T DU L P4 NTN 5S HSE 0 16 LLB T1 AD GD2 GL P U C GD2 GL P4 GMN HY SM RZ E TA P4 DU L S C TAM 7 DU L RHP T S C T RR DU L P3 B X2 TA DU L EP7 BARDEN C 1 16 J RR DU L 1 10 H C DU L IBC CB H E T 2RSZ P4A DU X C T P4 DU L FAFNIR 3 MMV C HX VV DU X 2 MM WI CR DU L KOYO 3NC HAR CA GLx2 S P C PA DG L P4 SNR ML E CH H V DU J7 4S C V DU J 8 4 ZYS V AC HQ1 2RZ P4A DG A C - P4 DG B SNFA VE X 80 S NS 7/9 CE 3 DU L E X 50 7 CE 1 DU M Colour codes Sealing Contact angle Accuracy Bearing series Bearing size Internal design Cage Bearing set arrangement Preload Ball material Special ring material Lubrication features 5
6 n Sealing n Contact angle n Accuracy SKF S SKF C F AC SKF P4 P4A PA9A VQ126 NSK V1V FAG 2RSD 1) HSS, HCS, XCS 2) NTN LLB GMN 2RZ RHP RR BARDEN RR IBC 2RSZ FAFNIR VV KOYO 00 SNR E ZYS 2RZ SNFA S NSK C BNR 2) A5 A BER 2) FAG C D E NTN C 1) AD 1) GMN C 18 E RHP X2 X3 BARDEN C E IBC C E A FAFNIR 2 3 KOYO C CA A SNR C H ZYS C AC SNFA NSK P4 P3 P2 P4Y FAG P4 P4S P4S-K5 2) NTN P4 P42 P2 GMN A7 P4 P2/A9 RHP EP7 EP7/9 EP9 BARDEN 1) C IBC P4A P2H P2A X1 to X9 FAFNIR MM MMV MMX KOYO P2 P4 SNR 4 4S 2 R ZYS P4 P4A P2 SNFA 7 7/9 9 SQ 1) for B design 2) for other types 2) bearing type and contact angle in the ROBUST series 2) Reduced bore and outer diameter tolerance as per VQ253 n Bearing series n Bearing size (bore code) 10 mm 1) 12 mm 15 mm 17 mm 20 mm SKF NSK FAG NTN GMN RHP BARDEN IBC FAFNIR KOYO SNR ZYS SNFA A B X 2 SKF ) NSK 3) ) FAG ) NTN ) GMN ) IBC ) RHP ) BARDEN ) FAFNIR ) KOYO ) SNR ) ZYS ) SNFA ) less than 10 mm, bearing size = mm bore diameter 2) from 04 and up multiply by 5 (for example 05 = 25 mm bore diameter) 3) for BER and BNR code = mm bore diameter n Cage Outer ring centred Ball centred Phenolic Brass PEEK Polyamide Phenolic PEEK Polyamide SKF 1) MA TNHA T TNH TN9 NSK TR TYN FAG T NTN T1 L1 T2 GMN TA, TAM 2) TXM 2) TA RHP T (design E) MA TA (design D) BARDEN 1), H IBC T M K PX FAFNIR CR PRB, PRC KOYO PA.. FT PA.. FY PA.. FG 5.. FT 5.. FG SNR V (70-719) G1 (72) ZYS 1) TN1 SNFA CE LE KE PE C K 2) ball retaining 6
7 n Bearing set arrangement SKF DB DF DT DG TBT TFT TT TG QBC QFC QBT QFT QT QG NSK DB DF DT DU DBD DFD DTD DUD DBB DFF DBT DFT DTT QU FAG DB DF DT DU TBT TFT TT TU QBC QFC QBT QFT QT QU NTN DB DF DT GD2 DBT GD3 DTBT GD4 GMN DB DF DT DU TBT TFT TT TU QB QF QBT QFT QT QU RHP DB DF DT DU 2TB 2FT 3T 3U 2TB2T 2T2FT 3TB 3TF 4T 4U BARDEN DB DF DT DU IBC DB DF DT DU TBT TFT TT TU QBC QFC QBT QFT QT QU FAFNIR DB DF DT DU TU QU KOYO DB DF DT GLx2 DBD DFD DTD GLx3 DBB DFF DBT DFT GLx4 SNR DB DF DT DU Q16 TU Q21 Q18 QU ZYS DB DF DT DG TBT TFT TT TG QBC QFC QBT QFT QT QG SNFA DD FF T DU TD TF TT TU TDT TFT 3TD 3TF 4T 4U n Preload n Internal design High capacity High speed High speed (small balls) SKF A B C D G... K... NSK EL L M H CP CA FAG L M H NTN GL GN GM G CS GMN L M S V RHP L M H BARDEN L M H IBC X L M H U A FAFNIR X L M H KOYO S L M H CY CS SNR X ZYS A B C G SNFA L M F...daN...μm SKF D E B NSK 7 BNC BNR BGR BER FAG B RS HS NTN D HSE HSF HSB GMN S SM KH RHP B T X or S BARDEN H J IBC H FAFNIR WI HX WN KOYO 7 HAR SNR 1) ML ZYS 7 V7 SNFA E/SE VE H n Ball material n Special ring material n Lubrication features 1) Steel balls Ceramic balls SKF 1) HC NSK 2) 1) SN24 FAG 1) HC NTN 1) 5S GMN 1) HY RHP 1) SN BARDEN 1) C IBC 1) CB FAFNIR 1) C KOYO 1) 3NC SNR 1) CH ZYS 1) HQ1 SNFA 1) NS SKF NSK FAG NTN GMN RHP BARDEN IBC FAFNIR KOYO SNR ZYS SNFA V X XC 2LA N XC X N XN SKF L H NSK E33 FAG DLR NTN GMN +L +LB RHP BARDEN IBC S FAFNIR KOYO HAF SNR L2 L1 ZYS SNFA GH H 2) for BRN, BER and BGR series: S = steel balls H = ceramic balls 1) For other lubrication features refer to the manufacturers publications 7
8 SKF super-precision angular contact ball bearings designation system Examples: Single bearing CDGBTNHA/PA9AL CD GB TNHA / Matched bearing set S7010 ACD/HCP4AQBCC S ACD / Prefix Open bearing (no designation prefix) S Sealed bearing V Bearing with NitroMax steel rings and bearing grade silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 balls (hybrid bearing) Bearing series 718 Angular contact ball bearing in accordance with ISO dimension series Angular contact ball bearing in accordance with ISO dimension series Angular contact ball bearing in accordance with ISO dimension series Angular contact ball bearing in accordance with ISO dimension series 02 Bearing size 6 6 mm bore diameter 7 7 mm bore diameter 8 8 mm bore diameter 9 9 mm bore diameter mm bore diameter mm bore diameter mm bore diameter mm bore diameter 04 (x5) 20 mm bore diameter to 72 (x5) 360 mm bore diameter Internal design CD ACD CE FE ACE CB FB ACB 15 contact angle, high-capacity design 25 contact angle, high-capacity design 15 contact angle, high-speed E design 18 contact angle, high-speed E design 25 contact angle, high-speed E design 15 contact angle, high-speed B design 18 contact angle, high-speed B design 25 contact angle, high-speed B design Single bearing execution and preload Single standalone bearing (no designation suffix) (718.. D, D, 70.. D, 72.. D, E, 70.. E, B and 70.. B series) GA Single, universally matchable, extra light preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) GA Single, universally matchable, light preload (718.. D, E, 70.. E, B and 70.. B series) GB Single, universally matchable, light preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) GB Single, universally matchable, moderate preload (718.. D, E, 70.. E, B and 70.. B series) GC Single, universally matchable, moderate preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) GC Single, universally matchable, heavy preload (718.. D, E, 70.. E, B and 70.. B series) GD Single, universally matchable, heavy preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) Cage Cotton fabric reinforced phenolic resin or carbon fibre reinforced PEEK, outer ring centred (no designation suffix) MA Machined brass, outer ring centred TNHA Glass fibre reinforced PEEK, outer ring centred 8
9 PA9A L HC P4A QBC C Bearing set preload A Extra light preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) A Light preload (718.. D, E, 70.. E, B and 70.. B series) L Light preload only for matched bearings sets in TBT, TFT, QBT and QFT arrangements (718.. D, E and 70.. E series) B Light preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) B Moderate preload (718.. D, E, 70.. E, B and 70.. B series) M Moderate preload only for matched bearings sets in TBT, TFT, QBT and QFT arrangements (718.. D, E and 70.. E series) C Moderate preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) C Heavy preload (718.. D, E, 70.. E, B and 70.. B series) F Heavy preload only for matched bearings sets in TBT, TFT, QBT and QFT arrangements (718.. D, E and 70.. E series) D Heavy preload (719.. D, 70.. D and 72.. D series) G Special preload, expressed in dan e.g. G240 (718.. D, D, 70.. D, 72.. D, E, 70.. E, 719..B and 70.. B series) Bearing set arrangement DB Set of two bearings arranged back-to-back <> DF Set of two bearings arranged face-to-face >< DT Set of two bearings arranged in tandem << DG Set of two bearings for universal matching TBT Set of three bearings arranged back-to-back and tandem <>> TFT Set of three bearings arranged face-to-face and tandem ><< TT Set of three bearings arranged in tandem <<< TG Set of three bearings for universal matching QBC Set of four bearings arranged tandem back-to-back <<>> QFC Set of four bearings arranged tandem face-to-face >><< QBT Set of four bearings arranged back-to-back and tandem <>>> QFT Set of four bearings arranged face-to-face and tandem ><<< QT Set of four bearings arranged in tandem <<<< QG Set of four bearings for universal matching PBC Set of five bearings arranged tandem back-to-back <<>>> PFC Set of five bearings arranged tandem face-to-face >><<< PBT Set of five bearings arranged back-to-back and tandem <>>>> PFT Set of five bearings arranged face-to-face and tandem ><<<< PT Set of five bearings arranged in tandem <<<<< PG Set of five bearings for universal matching Lubrication features H H1 L L1 Two lubrication holes on the non-thrust side of the outer ring Two lubrication holes on the thrust side of the outer ring Aular groove with two lubrication holes on the non-thrust side of the outer ring and two aular grooves fitted with O-rings in the outer ring Aular groove with two lubrication holes on the thrust side of the outer ring and two aular grooves fitted with O-rings in the outer ring Accuracy P4 Dimensional and ruing accuracy in accordance with ISO tolerance class 4 P4A Dimensional accuracy in accordance with ISO tolerance class 4, ruing accuracy better than ISO tolerance class 4 P2 Dimensional and ruing accuracy in accordance with ISO tolerance class 2 PA9A Dimensional and ruing accuracy in accordance with ISO tolerance class 2 Ball material Carbon chromium steel (no designation suffix) HC Balls made of bearing grade silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 (hybrid bearing) 9
10 10
11 Super-precision cylindrical roller bearings examples SKF N 1016 KPHA/HC5SP SKF N K PHA HC5 SP NTN 5S N HS 1) T6 K NA P4 FAG HC N K PVPA1 SP KOYO 3NC N K C1NA FG P4 NSK N RXH 2) TP KR CCO P4 SKF NN 3020 KTN9/SPW SKF NN K TN9 SP W33 NTN NN HS 1) T6 K NA P4 FAG NN AS K M SP KOYO NN K W C1NA FG P4 NSK NN TB 3) KR E44 CC0 P4 SKF NNU 4924 BK/SPW33 SKF NNU BK SP W33 NTN NNU K P4 FAG NNU S K M SP NSK NNU MB KR E44 P4 NN 30 NNU SKF super-precision cylindrical roller bearings single row (N design) basic design (1), highspeed design (2), double row (NN design) (3), double row (NNU design) (4). 1) HS = high speed design 2) RXH identifies heat resistant steel SHX in ier and outer rings, ceramic rollers, outer ring guided PEEK cage 3) cage material PPS (220 ) Colour codes Bearing design Dimension series Bearing size Internal design and bore shape Cage Roller material Internal clearance Tolerance class Lubrication features n Tolerance class SKF SP UP NTN P4 UP FAG SP UP KOYO P4 NSK P4 n Lubrication features SKF W33 NTN FAG AS 1), S 2) KOYO W NSK E44 1) NN series 2) NNU series 11
12 n Bearing design n Dimension series n Bearing size Bore diameter [mm] SKF NNU NN N NTN NNU NN N FAG NNU NN N KOYO NN N NSK NNU NN N SKF NTN FAG KOYO NSK SKF 1) 1) NTN 1) 1) FAG 1) 1) KOYO 1) 1) NSK 1) 1) 1) bearing size from 05 and up x5 (for example 05 = 25 mm bore diameter) n Internal design and bore shape n Roller material n Internal clearance Tapered bore Cylindrical bore Steel rollers Ceramic rollers Standard Special clearance reduced clearance Special increased clearance SKF K 1) NTN K 1) FAG K 1) KOYO K 1) NSK KR 1) SKF 1) HC5 NTN 1) CS FAG 1) HC KOYO 1) 3NC NSK 1) RXH SKF 1) VS019 SPC2 NTN C1NA C9NA C2NA FAG 1) C2 KOYO C1NA C9NA C2NA NSK CC1 CC9 CC2 n Cage (Single row cylindrical roller bearing N design) Brass roller centred Polyamide PA66 roller centred Glass fibre reinforced PA66 roller centred Carbon fibre reinforced PEEK outer ring centred Glass fibre reinforced PA66 outer ring centred SKF TN TN9 PHA TNHA NTN 1) T6 FAG M1 PVPA1 KOYO FY 2) FG NSK MR n Cage (Double row cylindrical roller bearing NN) Brass roller centred Polyamide PA66 roller centred Glass fibre reinforced PA66 roller centred Carbon fibre reinforced PEEK outer ring landed Glass fibre reinforced PEEK outer ring landed SKF 1) TN TN9 NTN 1) T6 FAG M KOYO FW 3) FG NSK MB TB SKF super-precision bearing double row cylindrical roller bearings in the NNU series are available only with machined brass cage, roller centred (no designation suffix). 2) FY: integrated machined cage made of copper alloy 3) FW: separable machined cage made of copper alloy 12
13 SKF super-precision cylindrical roller bearings designation system Examples: N 1016 KPHA/HC5SP N K PHA / HC5 SP NN 3020 KTN9/SPVR521 NN K TN9 / SP VR521 NNU 49/500 B/SPC3W33X NNU 49 /500 B / SPC3 W33X Bearing design N NN NNU Single row cylindrical roller bearing Double row cylindrical roller bearing Double row cylindrical roller bearing Dimension series 10 In accordance with ISO dimension series In accordance with ISO dimension series In accordance with ISO dimension series 49 Bearing size 05 (x5) 25 mm bore diameter to 92 (x5) 460 mm bore diameter from /500 Bore diameter uncoded [mm] Internal design and bore shape Cylindrical bore (no designation suffix) B Modified internal design K Tapered bore, taper 1:12 Cage Machined brass cage, roller centred (no designation suffix) PHA Carbon fibre reinforced PEEK cage, outer ring centred TN PA66 cage, roller centred TN9 Glass fibre reinforced PA66 cage, roller centred TNHA Glass fibre reinforced PEEK cage, outer ring centred Roller material Carbon chromium steel (no designation suffix) HC5 Rollers made of bearing grade silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 (hybrid bearing) Tolerance class and internal clearance SP Dimensional accuracy in accordance with ISO tolerance class 5, ruing accuracy in accordance with ISO tolerance class 4 UP Dimensional accuracy in accordance with ISO tolerance class 4, ruing accuracy better than ISO tolerance class 4 Standard radial internal clearance C1 (no designation suffix) C2 Radial internal clearance greater than C1 CN Normal radial internal clearance C3 Radial internal clearance greater than Normal Other variants VR521 VU001 W33 W33X Bearing supplied with measuring report (standard for NN 30 series bearings with d > 130 mm) Ier ring raceway with finish-grinding allowance Aular groove and three lubrication holes in the outer ring Aular groove and six lubrication holes in the outer ring 13
14 14
15 Super-precision double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings examples SKF BTW 70 CTN9/SPW33 SKF BTW 70 C TN9 SP W33 NTN GN P4 FAG M SP KOYO B FY P4 NSK 70 TAC 20D PN7 C7 Colour codes Accuracy Bearing series Bearing size Internal design Cage Preload Ball material Arrangement Lubrication features SKF BTM 150 AM/P4CDBA SKF BTM 150 A M P4C DB A NTN HTA 0 30 U A L1 DB GL P4L KOYO ACT 0 30 A DB L FY P4 NSK 150 BAR 10 S DB L P4A FAG BAX 150 F T P4S DB 1 BTW 2 BTM SKF super-precision double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings basic design (BTW series) (1), high-speed design (BTM series) (2). 15
16 n Bearing series contact angle 60 BTW series 1) n Bearing series BTM series n Balls material BTW and BTM series Steel ball Ceramic ball SKF BTW.. C SKF BTM SKF 1) HC5 NTN 5620 FAG 2344 KOYO B NSK TAC20D NTN HTA 0 U FAG BAX KOYO ACT 0 NSK 10 NTN 1) 5S FAG 1) KOYO 1) NSK S H 1) Bearings in the BTW series are dimensionally interchangeable with bearings in the former 2344(00) and 2347(00) series. n Bearing size BTW series n Bearing size BTM series Bore diameter [mm] Bore diameter [mm] SKF NTN 14 ( 5) 70 mm bore FAG 14 ( 5) 70 mm bore KOYO 14 ( 5) 70 mm bore NSK SKF NTN 30 ( 5) 150 mm bore FAG KOYO 30 ( 5) 150 mm bore NSK n Internal design BTW series n Internal design Contact angle BTM series small bore diameter type large bore diameter type SKF 1) A NTN 1) M FAG 4 7 KOYO 4 7 NSK SKF A B NTN A 1) FAG F H KOYO 1) B NSK BAR BTR n Cage BTW series n Cage BTM series Brass ball centred glass fibre reinforced PA66 ball centred Brass ball centred glass fibre reinforced PA66 ball centred SKF M TN9 NTN 1) FAG M KOYO FY NSK 1) SKF M TN9 NTN L1 T2 FAG 2) KOYO FY FG NSK 1) TYN 2) laminated fabric, outer ring centered cage, designation suffix T 16
17 n Accuracy BTW series n Accuracy BTM series SKF SP SKF P4C NTN FAG KOYO NSK P4 SP P4 PN7 NTN FAG KOYO NSK P4L P4S P4 P4A n Preload BTW series n Preload BTM series Light preload Heavy preload Special preload SKF 1) NTN GN FAG 1) KOYO 1) NSK C7 SKF A B G NTN GL GM FAG L M KOYO L M NSK L CP... n Arrangement BTM series SKF NTN FAG KOYO NSK DB DB DB DB DB n Lubrication features BTW series SKF NTN FAG KOYO NSK W33 17
18 SKF super-precision double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings designation system Examples: BTW 70 CTN9/SPW33 BTW 70 C TN9 / SP W33 BTM 150 AM/HCP4CDBA BTM 150 A M / HC P4C DB A Bearing series BTW BTM Basic design double direction angular contact thrust ball bearing High-speed design double direction angular contact thrust ball bearing Bearing size 35 Bore diameter [mm] to 200 Internal design A B C A 30 contact angle 40 contact angle 60 contact angle As a second letter after the contact angle information (for BTW series only): Bearing with a larger bore to to be mounted on the large diameter side of a cylindrical roller bearing with a tapered bore. Cage M TN9 Two machined brass cages, snap-type (for BTW series), window-type (for BTM series), ball centred Two glass fibre reinforced PA66 cages, snap-type (for BTW series), window-type (for BTM series), ball centred Ball material Carbon chromium steel (no designation suffix) HC Balls made of bearing grade silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 (hybrid bearing) Accuracy P4C SP UP Dimensional accuracy approximately to ISO tolerance class 4 and ruing accuracy better than ISO tolerance class 4 for radial bearings (for BTM series bearings only). Dimensional accuracy approximately to ISO tolerance class 5 and ruing accuracy better than ISO tolerance class 4 for thrust bearings (for BTW series bearings only). Dimensional accuracy approximately to ISO tolerance class 4 and ruing accuracy better than ISO tolerance class 4 for thrust bearings (for BTW series bearings only). Lubrication feature (for BTW series bearings only) W33 Aular groove and three lubrication holes in the housing washer Arrangement (for BTM series bearings only) DB Two bearings arranged back-to-back Preload (for BTM series bearings only) A B G Light preload Heavy preload Special preload, expressed in dan e.g. G240 18
19 19
20 Super-precision angular contact thrust ball bearings for screw drives examples SKF BSD 3062 CGA-2RZ SKF BSD C GA 2RZ NSK 30 TAC 62 B DDG SU C10 PN7B FAG BSB Z T NTN BST 30X 62 1B LXL NACHI 30 TAB 06 U 2NK GM P4 SNFA BS S 7 P 62 U M 1 SKF FBSA 206/QBCA SKF FBSA 2 06 QBC A NSK WBK 30 DBB 31 SNFA BSQU 2 30 TDT 430 IBC BSBU 30 Q C 88 M Colour codes 2 Bearing series Bearing size Design features Execution Preload Sealing solutions Bearing set arrangement Tolerance class 3 SKF super-precision angular contact thrust ball bearings for screw drives single direction (BSA and BSD series) (1), universally matchable for mounting as sets (2); cartridge units with a flanged housing (FBSA series) (3) 20
21 n Bearing series n Bearing size Bore diameter [mm] SKF BSA 2 BSA 3 BSD FBSA NSK BSB TAC WBK ) FAG BSB NTN BST NACHI TAB SNFA BS2 BS BSDU/BSQU IBC BSBU SKF 1) 2) 1) 2) NSK 2) 2) FAG 1) 2) 1) 2) NTN 2) 2) NACHI 2) 2) SNFA 2) 2) IBC 2) 2) 1) WBK = support unit symbol; 31 = serial number 1) from 04 and up 5 (for example 04 = 20 mm bore diameter) 2) bearing size 20 = 20 mm bore diameter, 25 = 25 mm, etc. n Design features n Execution and preload SKF C 1) NSK B 1) FAG 1) 1) NTN 1) 1) NACHI 1) 1) SNFA 62 P IBC Q 2) A 2) IBC D 2) B 2) SKF A B G NSK C10/31 FAG L M H NTN 11B 1B NACHI M SNFA L M F...daN IBC L M H 2) only housing form and execution n Sealing solutions n Tolerance class SKF 2RZ 2RS NSK DDG FAG 2Z 2RS NTN LXL NACHI 2NK 2LR SNFA S C IBC SKF 1) 1) NSK PN7B FAG 1) 1) NTN P5 P4 NACHI P5 P4 SNFA SQ IBC 1) 1) n Bearing set arrangement SKF DB DF DT TBT TFT TT QBC QFC QBT QFT QT NSK DB DF DT DBD DFD DTD DBB DFF DBT DFT DTT FAG DB DF DT TBT TFT TT QBC QFC QBT QFT QT NTN DB DF DT DBT DFT DTBT DTFT NACHI DB DF DT FFB BFF FFF FFBB BBFF FFFB BFFF SNFA DD FF T TD TF 3T TDT TFT 3TD 3TF 4T IBC 1) DF DT TBT TFT TT 1) QFC QBT QFT QT 21
22 SKF super-precision angular contact thrust ball bearings for screw drives designation system Examples: Single direction bearing BSA 205 CGB/GMM BSA 2 05 C GB / Matched set of single direction bearings BSA 208 C/TFTA BSA 2 08 C / Double direction bearing BEAM RS/PE BEAM RS Cartridge unit FBSA 206 A/QBCA FSBA 2 06 A Bearing series BSA 2 BSA 3 BSD BEAS BEAM FBSA 2 Single direction bearing in the 02 ISO dimension series Single direction bearing in the 03 ISO dimension series Single direction bearing Double direction bearing Double direction bearing for bolt mounting Cartridge unit with a flanged housing Bearing size For single direction bearings in accordance with an ISO dimension series mm bore diameter mm bore diameter mm bore diameter 04 ( 5) 20 mm bore diameter to 15 ( 5) 75 mm bore diameter For single direction bearings, not standardized mm bore diameter and 47 mm outside diameter to mm bore diameter and 120 mm outside diameter For double direction bearings mm bore diameter and 32 mm outside diameter to mm bore diameter and 145 mm outside diameter Design features C A Improved internal design (single direction bearings only) Different flange position (cartridge units only) Single direction bearing execution and preload GA GB G Universally matchable, light preload Universally matchable, moderate preload Universally matchable, special preload, expressed in dan e.g. G240 Sealing solutions -2RS -2RZ Contact seal on both sides, NBR Non-contact seal on both sides, NBR 22
23 GMM PE TFT QBC A A Bearing set preload A B G Light preload Moderate preload Special preload, expressed in dan e.g. G240 Bearing arrangement DB Set of two bearings arranged back-to-back <> DF Set of two bearings arranged face-to-face >< DT Set of two bearings arranged in tandem << TBT Set of three bearings arranged back-to-back and tandem <>> TFT Set of three bearings arranged face-to-face and tandem ><< TT Set of three bearings arranged in tandem <<< QBC Set of four bearings arranged tandem back-to-back <<>> QFC Set of four bearings arranged tandem face-to-face >><< QBT Set of four bearings arranged back-to-back and tandem <>>> QFT Set of four bearings arranged face-to-face and tandem ><<< QT Set of four bearings arranged in tandem <<<< Tolerance class Dimensional accuracy to ISO tolerance class 4, ruing accuracy to ISO tolerance class 2 PE Enlarged diameter tolerance and axial run-out to P5 tolerance class for radial bearing (BEAM/BEAS series only) Grease fill GMM Open single direction bearing filled with standard grease 23
24 Seals Mechatronics Bearings and housings Services Lubrication systems The Power of Knowledge Engineering Combining products, people, and applicationspecific knowledge, SKF delivers iovative solutions to equipment manufacturers and production facilities in every major industry worldwide. Having expert ise in multiple competence areas supports SKF Life Cycle Management, a proven approach to improv ing equipment reliability, optimizing operational and energy efficiency and reducing total cost of ownership. These competence areas include bearings and units, seals, lubrication systems, mecha tronics, and a wide range of services, from 3-D computer modelling to cloud-based condition monitoring and asset management services. SKF s global footprint provides SKF customers with uniform quality standards and worldwide product availability. Our local presence provides direct access to the experience, knowledge and ingenuity of SKF people. SKF is a registered trademark of the SKF Group. SKF Group 2015 The contents of this publication are the copyright of the publisher and may not be reproduced (even extracts) unless prior written permission is granted. Every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication but no liability can be accepted for any loss or damage whether direct, indirect or consequential arising out of the use of the information contained herein. PUB BU/P EN February 2015 Certain image(s) used under license from Shutterstock.com skf.com
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An assortment of screws
A bolt and a screw
A screw is a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt (see Differentiation between bolt and screw below), typically made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread). Screws are used to fasten materials by digging in and wedging into a material when turned, while the thread cuts grooves in the fastened material that may help pull fastened materials together and prevent pull-out. There are many screws for a variety of materials; those commonly fastened by screws include wood, sheet metal, and plastic.
- 2Differentiation between bolt and screw
- 2.8Controlled vocabulary versus natural language
- 3Types of screws and bolts
- 3.4Other threaded fasteners
- 6Mechanical classifications
- 10Thread standards
- 15References
Explanation[edit]
A screw is a combination of simple machines—it is in essence an inclined plane wrapped around a central shaft, but the inclined plane (thread) also comes to a sharp edge around the outside, which acts a wedge as it pushes into the fastened material, and the shaft and helix also form a wedge in the form of the point. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known as a female thread (internal thread), often in the form of a nut, or object that has the internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed to cut a helical groove in a softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and to position objects.
A wood screw: a) head; b) not threaded shank; c) threaded shank; d) tip.
A screw will usually have a head on one end that contains a specially formed shape that allows it to be turned, or driven, with a tool. Common tools for driving screws include screwdrivers and wrenches. The head is usually larger than the body of the screw, which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than the length of the screw and to provide a bearing surface. There are exceptions; for instance, carriage bolts have a domed head that is not designed to be driven; set screws often have a head smaller than the outer diameter of the screw; J-bolts have a J-shaped head which is not designed to be driven, but rather is usually sunk into concrete allowing it to be used as an anchor bolt. The cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is known as the shank; it may be fully threaded or partially threaded.[1] The distance between each thread is called the 'pitch'.
The majority of screws are tightened by clockwise rotation, which is termed a right-hand thread; a common mnemonic device for remembering this when working with screws or bolts is 'righty-tighty, lefty-loosey'. If the fingers of the right hand are curled around a right-hand thread, it will move in the direction of the thumb when turned in the same direction as the fingers are curled. Screws with left-hand threads are used in exceptional cases, where loads would tend to loosen a right handed fastener, or when non-interchangeability with right-hand fasteners is required. For example, when the screw will be subject to counterclockwise torque (which would work to undo a right-hand thread), a left-hand-threaded screw would be an appropriate choice. The left side pedal of a bicycle has a left-hand thread.
More generally, screw may mean any helical device, such as a clamp, a micrometer, a ship's propeller, or an Archimedes' screw water pump.
Differentiation between bolt and screw[edit]
A carriage bolt with a square nut
A structural bolt with a hex nut and washer
There is no universally accepted distinction between a screw and a bolt. A simple distinction that is often true, although not always, is that a bolt passes through a substrate and takes a nut on the other side, whereas a screw takes no nut because it threads directly into the substrate (a screw screws into something, a bolt bolts several things together). So, as a general rule, when buying a packet of 'screws' nuts would not be expected to be included, but bolts are often sold with matching nuts. Part of the confusion over this is likely due to regional or dialectical differences. Machinery's Handbook describes the distinction as follows:
A bolt is an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled parts, and is normally intended to be tightened or released by torquing a nut. A screw is an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of mating with a preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released by torquing the head. An externally threaded fastener which is prevented from being turned during assembly and which can be tightened or released only by torquing a nut is a bolt. (Example: round head bolts, track bolts, plow bolts.) An externally threaded fastener that has thread form which prohibits assembly with a nut having a straight thread of multiple pitch length is a screw. (Example: wood screws, tapping screws.)[2]
This distinction is consistent with ASME B18.2.1 and some dictionary definitions for screw[3][4] and bolt.[5][6][7]
The issue of what is a screw and what is a bolt is not completely resolved with Machinery's Handbook distinction, however, because of confounding terms, the ambiguous nature of some parts of the distinction, and usage variations.[8][failed verification] Some of these issues are discussed below:
Wood screws[edit]
Early wood screws were made by hand, with a series of files, chisels, and other cutting tools, and these can be spotted easily by noting the irregular spacing and shape of the threads, as well as file marks remaining on the head of the screw and in the area between threads. Many of these screws had a blunt end, completely lacking the sharp tapered point on nearly all modern wood screws.[9] Eventually, lathes were used to manufacture wood screws, with the earliest patent being recorded in 1760 in England.[9] During the 1850s swaging tools were developed to provide a more uniform and consistent thread. Screws made with these tools have rounded valleys with sharp and rough threads.[10][11] Some wood screws were made with cutting dies as early as the late 1700s (possibly even before 1678 when the book content was first published in parts).[12]
Once screw turning machines were in common use, most commercially available wood screws were produced with this method. These cut wood screws are almost invariably tapered, and even when the tapered shank is not obvious, they can be discerned because the threads do not extend past the diameter of the shank. Such screws are best installed after drilling a pilot hole with a tapered drill bit. The majority of modern wood screws, except for those made of brass, are formed on thread rolling machines. These screws have a constant diameter, threads with a larger diameter than the shank, and are stronger because the rolling process does not cut the grain of the metal.
Machine screws[edit]
ASME standards specify a variety of 'Machine Screws'[13] in diameters ranging up to 0.75 in (19.05 mm). These fasteners are often used with nuts but also often driven into tapped holes (without nuts). They might be considered a screw or a bolt based on the Machinery's Handbook distinction. In practice, they tend to be mostly available in smaller sizes and the smaller sizes are referred to as screws or less ambiguously as machine screws, although some kinds of machine screw can be referred to as stove bolts.
Hex cap screws[edit]
ASME standard B18.2.1-1996 specifies Hex Cap Screws whose size range is 0.25–3 in (6.35–76.20 mm) in diameter. These fasteners are very similar to hex bolts. They differ mostly in that they are manufactured to tighter tolerances than the corresponding bolts. Machinery's Handbook refers parenthetically to these fasteners as 'Finished Hex Bolts'.[14] Reasonably, these fasteners might be referred to as bolts, but based on the US government document Distinguishing Bolts from Screws, the US government might classify them as screws because of the tighter tolerance.[15] In 1991 responding to an influx of counterfeit fasteners Congress passed PL 101-592[16] 'Fastener Quality Act' This resulted in the rewriting of specifications by the ASME B18 committee. B18.2.1[17] was re-written and as a result they eliminated the 'Finished Hex Bolts' and renamed them the 'Hex Cap Screw'—a term that had existed in common usage long before, but was now also being codified as an official name for the ASME B18 standard.
Lug bolts and head bolts[edit]
These terms refer to fasteners that are designed to be threaded into a tapped hole that is in part of the assembly and so based on the Machinery's Handbook distinction they would be screws. Here common terms are at variance with Machinery's Handbook distinction.[18][19]
Lag screw[edit]
Lag screws, also called lag bolts
Lag screws (US) or coach screws (UK, Australia, and New Zealand) (also referred to as lag bolts or coach bolts, although this is a misnomer) are large wood screws. Square-headed and hex-headed lag screws are covered by ASME B18.2.1 standards, and the head is typically an external hex. A typical lag screw can range in diameter from 1⁄4 to 11⁄4 in (6.35 to 31.75 mm), and lengths from 1⁄4 to 6 in (6.35 to 152.40 mm) or longer, with the coarse threads of a wood-screw or sheet-metal-screw threadform (but larger).
The materials are usually carbon steel substrate with a coating of zinc galvanization (for corrosion resistance). The zinc coating may be bright (electroplated), yellow (electroplated), or dull gray hot-dip galvanized. Lag screws are used to lag together lumber framing, to lag machinery feet to wood floors, and for other heavy carpentry applications. The attributive modifier lag came from an early principal use of such fasteners: the fastening of lags such as barrel staves and other similar parts.[20]
These fasteners are 'screws' according to the Machinery's Handbook criteria, and the obsolescent term 'lag bolt' has been replaced by 'lag screw' in the Handbook.[21] However, to many tradesmen, they are 'bolts', because they are large, with hex or square heads.
United States government standards[edit]
The federal government of the United States made an effort to formalize the difference between a bolt and a screw, because different tariffs apply to each.[22] The document seems to have no significant effect on common usage and does not eliminate the ambiguous nature of the distinction between screws and bolts for some threaded fasteners. The document also reflects (although it probably did not originate) significant confusion of terminology usage that differs between the legal/statutory/regulatory community and the fastener industry. The legal/statutory/regulatory wording uses the terms 'coarse' and 'fine' to refer to the tightness of the tolerance range, referring basically to 'high-quality' or 'low-quality', but this is a poor choice of terms, because those terms in the fastener industry have a different meaning (referring to the steepness of the helix's lead).
Historical issue[edit]
Old USS and SAE standards defined cap screws as fasteners with shanks that were threaded to the head and bolts as fasteners with shanks that were partially unthreaded.[23] The relationship of this rule to the idea that a bolt by definition takes a nut is clear (because the unthreaded section of the shank, which is called the grip, was expected to pass through the substrate without threading into it). This is now an obsolete distinction, although large bolts still often have unthreaded sections of shank.
Although there is no reason to consider this definition obsolete, because it is far from clear that 'a bolt by definition takes a nut'. Using a coach 'bolt' as an example (and it has been a 'bolt' for a very long time). It was not originally intended to receive a nut, but did have a shank. Its purpose was not to pass through the entire substrate but only one piece of it, while the threaded portion bit into the other in order to draw, and clamp the materials together. The 'carriage' bolt was derived from this and was employed more to speed up manufacturing than achieve a different function. The carriage bolt passes through both pieces of materials and employs a nut to provide the clamping force. Both are still, however, bolts.
Controlled vocabulary versus natural language[edit]
The distinctions above are enforced in the controlled vocabulary of standards organizations. Nevertheless, there are sometimes differences between the controlled vocabulary and the natural language use of the words by machinists, auto mechanics and others. These differences reflect linguistic evolution shaped by the changing of technology over centuries. The words bolt and screw have both existed since before today's modern mix of fastener types existed, and the natural usage of those words has evolved retronymously in response to the technological change. (That is, the use of words as names for objects changes as the objects change.) Non-threaded fasteners predominated until the advent of practical, inexpensive screw-cutting in the early 19th century. The basic meaning of the word screw has long involved the idea of a helical screw thread, but the Archimedes screw and the screw gimlet (like a corkscrew) preceded the fastener.
The word bolt is also a very old word, and it was used for centuries to refer to metal rods that passed through the substrate to be fastened on the other side, often via nonthreaded means (clinching, forge welding, pinning, wedging, etc.). The connection of this sense to the sense of a door bolt or the crossbow bolt is apparent. In the 19th century, bolts fastened via screw threads were often called screw bolts in contradistinction to clench bolts.
In common usage, the distinction (not rigorous) is often that screws are smaller than bolts, and that screws are generally tapered while bolts are not. For example, cylinder head bolts are called 'bolts' (at least in North American usage) despite the fact that by some definitions they ought to be called 'screws'. Their size and their similarity to a bolt that would take a nut seem linguistically to overrule any other factors in this natural word choice proclivity.
Other distinctions[edit]
Bolts have been defined as headed fasteners having external threads that meet an exacting, uniform bolt thread specification (such as ISO metric screw thread M, MJ, Unified Thread Standard UN, UNR, and UNJ) such that they can accept a non-tapered nut. Screws are then defined as headed, externally threaded fasteners that do not meet the above definition of bolts.[citation needed] These definitions of screw and bolt eliminate the ambiguity of the Machinery's handbook distinction. And it is for that reason, perhaps, that some people favor them. However, they are neither compliant with common usage of the two words nor are they compliant with formal specifications.
A possible distinction is that a screw is designed to cut its own thread; it has no need for access from or exposure to the opposite side of the component being fastened to. This definition of screw is further reinforced by the consideration of the developments of fasteners such as Tek Screws, with either round or hex heads, for roof cladding, self-drilling and self-tapping screws for various metal fastening applications, roof batten screws to reinforce the connection between the roof batten and the rafter, decking screws etc.On the other hand, a bolt is the male part of a fastener system designed to be accepted by a pre-equipped socket (or nut) of exactly the same thread design.
Types of screws and bolts[edit]
Threaded fasteners either have a tapered shank or a non-tapered shank. Fasteners with tapered shanks are designed to either be driven into a substrate directly or into a pilot hole in a substrate. Mating threads are formed in the substrate as these fasteners are driven in. Fasteners with a non-tapered shank are designed to mate with a nut or to be driven into a tapped hole.
Fasteners with a tapered shank[edit]
American name | British name | Description |
---|---|---|
chipboard screw particle board screw | Similar to a drywall screw except that it has a thinner shank and provides better resistance to pull-out in particle board, while offset against a lower shear strength. The threads on particle board screws are asymmetrical. | |
concrete screw Tapcons masonry screw Confast screw multi-material screw blue screw self-tapping masonry screw Titen | A stainless or carbon steel screw for fastening wood, metal, or other materials to concrete or masonry. Concrete screws are commonly blue in color, with or without corrosion coating. They may either have a Phillips flat head or a slotted hex washer head. Nominal (thread) sizes range from 0.1875 to 0.375 in (4.763 to 9.525 mm) and lengths from 1.25 to 5 in (32 to 127 mm). Typically an installer uses a hammer drill to make a pilot hole for each concrete screw and a powered impact driver to drive the screw. The drill hole should be 1/2' longer than the depth penetration of the screw. The screw itself should be drilled a minimum of 1' into the concrete to hold effectively and a maximum of 1-3/4' or the threads will wear and will lose holding power. Ideally 1-1/4' to 1-1/2' of screw thread in the concrete[24]. So for example, if a 1/2' board is being screwed onto the concrete, a 1-3/4' to 2' concrete screw should be used. | |
deck screw | Similar to drywall screw except that it has improved corrosion resistance and is generally supplied in a larger gauge. Most deck screws have a type-17 (auger type) thread cutting tip for installation into decking materials. They have bugle heads that allows the screw to depress the wood surface without breaking it. | |
double ended screw dowel screw hanger bolt | handrail bolt | Similar to a wood screw but with two pointed ends and no head, used for making hidden joints between two pieces of wood. A hanger bolt has wood screw threads on one end and machine threads on the other. A hanger bolt is used when it is necessary to fasten a metal part to a wood surface. |
drive screw hammer drive screw | Chiefly used for attaching manufacturers data plates to equipment. Smooth round or mushroom headed with a multi-start thread on the shank, beneath which is reduced diameter shank that acts as a pilot. The screw is fastened by hitting the head with a hammer and is not intended for removal.[25] | |
drywall screw | Specialized screw with a bugle head that is designed to attach drywall to wood or metal studs, however it is a versatile construction fastener with many uses. The diameter of drywall screw threads is larger than the grip diameter. | |
eye screw screw eye vine eye | screw eye | Screw with a looped head. Larger ones are sometimes called lag eye screws. Designed to be used as attachment point, particularly for something that is hung from it. A vine eye (in the UK at least) is similar to a screw eye, except that it has a proportionally longer shank and smaller looped head. As the term suggests vine eyes are often used for attaching wire lines across the surface of buildings so that climbing plants can attach themselves. |
lag bolt lag screw[26] | coach screw | Similar to a wood screw except that it is generally much larger running to lengths up to 15 in (381 mm) with diameters from 0.25–0.5 in (6.35–12.70 mm) in commonly available (hardware store) sizes (not counting larger mining and civil engineering lags and lag bolts) and it generally has a hexagonal drive head. Lag bolts are designed for securely fastening heavy timbers (post and beams, timber railway trestles and bridges) to one another, or to fasten wood to masonry or concrete. The German standard is DIN 571, Hexagon head wood screws. Lag bolts are usually used with an expanding insert called a lag in masonry or concrete walls, the lag manufactured with a hard metal jacket that bites into the sides of the drilled hole, and the inner metal in the lag being a softer alloy of lead, or zinc alloyed with soft iron. The coarse thread of a lag bolt and lag mesh and deform slightly making a secure near water tight anti-corroding mechanically strong fastening. |
mirror screw | This is a flat-head wood screw with a tapped hole in the head, which receives a screw-in chrome-plated cover. It is usually used to mount a mirror. | |
sheet metal screw | Has sharp threads that cut into a material such as sheet metal, plastic or wood. They are sometimes notched at the tip to aid in chip removal during thread cutting. The shank is usually threaded up to the head. Sheet metal screws make excellent fasteners for attaching metal hardware to wood because the fully threaded shank provides good retention in wood. | |
Twinfast screw | A Twinfast screw is a type of screw with two threads (i.e. a twin-start screw), so that it can be driven twice as fast as a normal (i.e. single-start) screw with the same pitch.[27] Dry wall screws designated as fine are the most common screws to use the twinfast style of threads.[28] | |
wood screw | A metal screw with a sharp point designed to attach two pieces of wood together. Wood screws are commonly available with flat, pan or oval-heads. A wood screw generally has a partially unthreaded shank below the head. The unthreaded portion of the shank is designed to slide through the top board (closest to the screw head) so that it can be pulled tight to the board to which it is being attached. Inch-sized wood screws in the U.S. are defined by ANSI-B18.6.1-1981(R2003), while in Germany they are defined by DIN 95 (Slotted raised countersunk (oval) head wood screws), DIN 96 (Slotted round head wood screws), and DIN 97 (Slotted countersunk (flat) head wood screws). | |
Security head screw | These screws are use for security purposes and where vandalism and/or theft is likely. The head of this type of screw is impossible to reverse. It requires special tools or mechanisms like spanners, tri-wings, torxes, square drivers, etc. In some screws, the head can be removed by breaking it after installing the screw. |
Fasteners with a non-tapered shank[edit]
American name | British name | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
anchor bolt | A special type of bolt that is set in wet concrete, with the screw threads protruding above the concrete surface. | ||
breakaway bolt | A breakaway bolt is a bolt with a hollow threaded shank, which is designed to break away upon impact. Typically used to fasten fire hydrants, so they will break away when hit by a car. Also used in aircraft to reduce weight. | ||
Narrow definition Wide definition | cap screw | The term cap screw refers to many different things at different times and places. Currently, it most narrowly refers to a style of head (see the gallery below). More broadly, and more commonly, it refers to the group of screws: shoulder screws, hex heads, counter-sunk heads, button heads, and fillister heads. In the United States, cap screws are defined by ASME B18.6.2 and ASME B18.3.[29][30] In the past, the term cap screw, in general, referred to screws that were supposed to be used in applications where a nut was not used; however, the characteristics that differentiate it from a bolt vary over time. In 1910, Anthony defined it as screw with a hex head that was thicker than a bolt head, but the distance across the flats was less than a bolt's.[31] In 1913, Woolley and Meredith defined them like Anthony, but gave the following dimensions: hex head cap screws up to and including 7⁄16 inch (11.1125 mm) have a head that is 3⁄16 inch (4.7625 mm) larger than the shank diameter; screws greater than 1⁄2 inch (12.7 mm) in diameter have a head that is 1⁄4 inch (6.35 mm) larger than the shank. Square head cap screws up to and including 3⁄4 inch (19.05 mm) have a head 1⁄8 inch (3.175 mm) larger than the shank; screws larger than 3⁄4 inch (19.05 mm) have a head 1⁄4 inch (6.35 mm) larger than the shank.[32] In 1919, Dyke defined them as screws that are threaded all the way to the head.[23] A socket cap screw, also known as a socket head capscrew, socket screw, or Allen bolt, is a type of cap screw with a cylindrical head and hexagonal drive hole. The term socket head capscrew typically refers to a type of threaded fastener whose head diameter is nominally 1.5 times that of the screw shank (major) diameter, with a head height equal to the shank diameter (1960 series design). Forgedheat-treatedalloy examples are high strength fasteners intended for the most demanding mechanical applications, with special alloy formulations available that are capable of maintaining strength at temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees F (587 degrees C). In addition to the 1960 series design, other head designs include low head, button head and flat head, the latter designed to be seated into countersunk holes. A hex key (sometimes referred to as an Allen wrench or Allen key) or hex driver is required to tighten or loosen a socket screw. Socket head capscrews are commonly used in assemblies that do not provide sufficient clearance for a conventional wrench or socket. | |
carriage bolt | cup head bolt, coach bolt | A carriage bolt, also known as a coach bolt, has a domed or countersunk head, and the shank is topped by a short square section under the head. The square section grips into the part being fixed (typically wood), preventing the bolt from turning when the nut is tightened. Carriage bolts are used to provide a smooth finish on automobile metal bumper exteriors, the square section aligning with a square hole in the bumper to provide anti-rotation. A rib neck carriage bolt has several longitudinal ribs instead of the square section, to grip into a metal part being fixed. | |
elevator bolt | An elevator bolt is a bolt similar to a carriage bolt, except the head (or foot, depending on the application) is thin and flat. There are many variations. [33] Elevator bolts are designed to be used for leveling appliances or furniture. | ||
eye bolt | An eye bolt is a bolt with a looped head. | ||
hex cap screw hex bolt | A hex cap screw is a cap screw with a hexagonal head, designed to be driven by a wrench (spanner). An ASME B18.2.1 compliant cap screw has somewhat tighter tolerances than a hex bolt for the head height and the shank length. The nature of the tolerance difference allows an ASME B18.2.1 hex cap screw to always fit where a hex bolt is installed but a hex bolt could be slightly too large to be used where a hex cap screw is designed in. | ||
Fine adjustment screw | The term fine adjustment screw typically refers to screws with threads from 40–100 TPI (Threads Per Inch) (0.5mm to 0.2mm pitch) and ultra fine adjustment screw has been used to refer to 100–254 TPI (0.2mm to 0.1mm pitch). These screws are most frequently used in applications where the screw is used to control fine motion of an object. | ||
machine screw | A machine screw is generally a smaller fastener (less than 1⁄4 inch (6.35 mm) in diameter) threaded the entire length of its shank that usually has a recessed drive type (slotted, Phillips, etc.). Machine screws are also made with socket heads (see above), in which case they may be referred to as socket head machine screws. | ||
Plow bolts in use | plow bolt | plough bolt | A plow bolt is bolt similar to a carriage bolt, except the head is flat or concave, and the underside of the head is a cone designed to fit in a countersunk recess. Plow bolts provide a smooth surface for attaching a plow moldboard to its beam, where a raised head would suffer from soil abrasion. There are many variations, with some not using a square base, but rather a key, a locking slot, or other means. The recess in the mating part must be designed to accept the particular plow bolt. ASME B18.9 standard recommends a No. 3 head (round countersunk head square neck) plow bolts and No. 7 head (round countersunk reverse key head) plow bolts for new designs. The necessary dimensions for the head styles can be found in the standard.[34][35][36] |
self-drilling screw Teks screw | Similar to a sheet metal screw, but it has a drill-shaped point to cut through the substrate to eliminate the need for drilling a pilot hole. Designed for use in soft steel or other metals. The points are numbered from 1 through 5, the larger the number, the thicker metal it can go through without a pilot hole. A 5-point can drill a 0.5 in (12.7 mm) of steel, for example. | ||
self-tapping machine screw | A self-tapping machine screw is similar to a machine screw except the lower part of the shank is designed to cut threads as the screw is driven into an untapped hole. The advantage of this screw type over a self-drilling screw is that, if the screw is reinstalled, new threads are not cut as the screw is driven. | ||
set bolt | tap bolt | A bolt that is threaded all the way to the head. An ASME B18.2.1 compliant set/tap bolt has the same tolerances as an ASME B18.2.1 compliant hex cap screw. | |
set screw | grub screw | A set screw is generally a headless screw but can be any screw used to fix a rotating part to a shaft, such as a line shaft or countershaft. The set screw is driven through a threaded hole in the rotating part until it is tight against the shaft. The most often used type is the socket set screw, which is tightened or loosened with a hex key. | |
shoulder bolt shoulder screw | stripper bolt | A shoulder screw differs from machine screws in that the shank is held to a precise diameter, known as the shoulder, and the threaded portion is smaller in diameter than the shoulder. Shoulder screw specifications call out the shoulder diameter, shoulder length, and threaded diameter; the threaded length is fixed, based on the threaded diameter, and usually quite short. Shoulder screws can be manufactured in many materials such as alloyheat-treatedsteel for maximum strength and wear resistance and stainless steel for its corrosion-resistance and non-magnetic properties. Common applications for shoulder screws include rotating mechanism joints, linkage pivots, and guides for the stripper plate of a metal forming die set. In the latter application, the term stripper bolt is often substituted. Stainless steel shoulder screws are used with linear motion devices such as bearings, as guides and as pivots in electronic and other critical mechanical applications. | |
stove bolt | gutter bolt | A stove bolt is a type of machine screw that has a round or flat head and is threaded to the head. They are usually made of low grade steel, have a slot or Phillips drive, and are used to join sheet metal parts using a hex or square nut.[37] | |
tension control bolt | A tension control bolt (TC bolt) is a heavy duty bolt used in steel frame construction. The head is usually domed and is not designed to be driven. The end of the shank has a spline on it which is engaged by a special power wrench which prevents the bolt from turning while the nut is tightened. When the appropriate torque is reached the spline shears off. | ||
thread rolling screws | These have a lobed (usually triangular) cross-section. They form threads in a pre-existing hole in the mating workpiece by pushing the material outward during installation. In some cases the properly prepared hole in sheetmetal uses an extruded hole. The extrusion forms a lead-in and extra thread length for improved retention. Thread rolling screws are often used where loose chips formed by a thread cutting operation cannot be tolerated. |
Fasteners with built in washers[edit]
A fastener with a built in washer is called a SEM or SEMS, short for pre-asSEMbled.[38][39] It could be fitted on either a tapered or non-tapered shank.
Other threaded fasteners[edit]
Superbolt, or multi-jackbolt tensioner[edit]
A superbolt, or multi-jackbolt tensioner is an alternative type of fastener that retrofits or replaces existing nuts, bolts, or studs. Tension in the bolt is developed by torquing individual jackbolts, which are threaded through the body of the nut and push against a hardened washer. Because of this, the amount of torque required to achieve a given preload is reduced. Installation and removal of any size tensioner is achieved with hand tools, which can be advantageous when dealing with large diameter bolting applications.
Bone screws[edit]
The field of screws and other hardware for internal fixation within the body is huge and diverse. Like prosthetics, it integrates the industrial and medicosurgical fields, causing manufacturing technologies (such as machining, CAD/CAM, and 3D printing) to intersect with the art and science of medicine. Like aerospace and nuclear power, this field involves some of the highest technology for fasteners, as well as some of the highest prices, for the simple reason that performance, longevity, and quality have to be excellent in such applications. Bone screws tend to be made of stainless steel or titanium, and they often have high-end features such as conical threads, multistart threads, cannulation (hollow core), and proprietary screw drive types (some not seen outside of these applications).
List of abbreviations for types of screws[edit]
These abbreviations have jargon currency among fastener specialists (who, working with many screw types all day long, have need to abbreviate repetitive mentions). The smaller basic ones can be built up into the longer ones; for example, if you know that 'FH' means 'flat head', then you may be able to parse the rest of a longer abbreviation containing 'FH'.
These abbreviations are not universally standardized across corporations; each corporation can coin their own. The more obscure ones may not be listed here.
The extra spacing between linked terms below helps the reader to see the correct parsing at a glance.
Abbreviation | Expansion | Comment |
---|---|---|
BH | button head | |
BHCS | button head cap screw | |
BHMS | button headmachine screw | |
CS | cap screw | |
FH | flat head | |
FHCS | flat head cap screw | |
FHP | flat headPhillips | |
FHSCS | flat headsocket cap screw | |
FHPMS | flat headPhillipsmachine screw | |
FT | full thread | |
HHCS | hex head cap screw | |
HSHCS | Hexalobular socket head cap screws | |
MS | machine screw | |
OH | oval head | |
PH | Phillips head | |
RH | round head | |
RHMS | round headmachine screw | |
RHP | round headPhillips | |
RHPMS | round headPhillipsmachine screw | |
SBHCS | socketbutton head cap screw | |
SBHMS | socketbutton headmachine screw | |
SH | socket head | Although 'socket head' could logically refer to almost any female drive, it refers by convention to hex socket head unless further specified. |
SHCS | socket head cap screw | |
SHSS | socket headset screw | Sometimes Socket Head Shoulder Screw. |
SS | set screw | The abbreviation 'SS' more often means stainless steel. Therefore, 'SS cap screw' means 'stainless steel cap screw' but 'SHSS' means 'socket head set screw'. As with many abbreviations, users rely on context to diminish the ambiguity, although this reliance does not eliminate it. |
STS | self-tapping screw |
Materials[edit]
Screws and bolts are usually made of steel. Where great resistance to weather or corrosion is required, like in very small screws or medical implants, materials such as stainless steel, brass, titanium, bronze, silicon bronze or monel may be used.
Galvanic corrosion of dissimilar metals can be prevented (using aluminum screws for double-glazing tracks for example) by a careful choice of material. Some types of plastic, such as nylon or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), can be threaded and used for fastenings requiring moderate strength and great resistance to corrosion or for the purpose of electrical insulation.
Often a surface coating is used to protect the fastener from corrosion (e.g. bright zinc plating for steel screws), to impart a decorative finish (e.g. japanning) or otherwise alter the surface properties of the base material.
Selection criteria of the screw materials include: size, required strength, resistance to corrosion, joint material, cost and temperature.
Bolted joints[edit]
Rusty hexagonal bolt heads
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 13th Edition Steel Design Manual section 16.1 chapter J-3 specifies the requirements for bolted structural connections. Structural bolts replaced rivets due to the decreasing cost and increasing strength of structural bolts in the 20th century. Connections are formed with two types of joints: slip-critical connections and bearing connections. In slip-critical connections, movement of the connected parts is a serviceability condition and bolts are tightened to a minimum required pretension. Slip is prevented through friction of the 'faying' surface, that is the plane of shear for the bolt and where two members make contact. Because friction is proportional to the normal force, connections must be sized with bolts numerous and large enough to provide the required load capacity. However, this greatly decreases the shear capacity of each bolt in the connection. The second (and more common type) of connection is a bearing connection. In this type of connection, the bolts carry the load through shear and are only tightened to a 'snug-fit'. These connections require fewer bolts than slip-critical connections and therefore are a less expensive alternative. Slip-critical connections are more common on flange plates for beam and column splices and moment critical connections. Bearing type connections are used in lightweight structures and in member connections where slip is not important and prevention of structural failure is the design constraint. Common bearing type connections include: shear tabs, beam supports, gusset plates in trusses.
Mechanical classifications[edit]
The numbers stamped on the head of the bolt are referred to the grade of the bolt used in certain application with the strength of a bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an ISO strength rating (called property class) stamped on the head. And the absence of marking/number indicates a lower grade bolt with low strength. The property classes most often used are 5.8, 8.8, and 10.9. The number before the point is the ultimate tensile strength in MPa divided by 100. The number after the point is the multiplier ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength. For example, a property class 5.8 bolt has a nominal (minimum) ultimate tensile strength of 500 MPa, and a tensile yield strength of 0.8 times ultimate tensile strength or 0.8 (500) = 400 MPa.
Ultimate tensile strength is the tensile stress at which the bolt fails. Tensile yield strength is the stress at which the bolt will yield in tension across the entire section of the bolt and receive a permanent set (an elongation from which it will not recover when the force is removed) of 0.2% offset strain. Proof strength is the usable strength of the fastener. Tension testing of a bolt up to the proof load should not cause permanent set of the bolt and should be conducted on actual fasteners rather than calculated.[40] If a bolt is tensioned beyond the proof load, it may behave in plastic manner due to yielding in the threads and the tension preload may be lost due to the permanent plastic deformations. When elongating a fastener prior to reaching the yield point, the fastener is said to be operating in the elastic region; whereas elongation beyond the yield point is referred to as operating in the plastic region of the bolt material. If a bolt is loaded in tension beyond its proof strength, the yielding at the net root section of the bolt will continue until the entire section is begins to yield and it has exceeded its yield strength. If tension increases, the bolt fractures at its ultimate strength.
Mild steel bolts have property class 4.6, with is 400 MPa ultimate strength and 0.6*400=240 MPa yield strength. High-strength steel bolts have property class 8.8, which is 800 MPa ultimate strength and 0.8*800=640 MPa yield strength or above.
The same type of screw or bolt can be made in many different grades of material. For critical high-tensile-strength applications, low-grade bolts may fail, resulting in damage or injury. On SAE-standard bolts, a distinctive pattern of marking is impressed on the heads to allow inspection and validation of the strength of the bolt.[41] However, low-cost counterfeit fasteners may be found with actual strength far less than indicated by the markings. Such inferior fasteners are a danger to life and property when used in aircraft, automobiles, heavy trucks, and similar critical applications.[42]
Inch[edit]
There are many standards governing the material and mechanical properties of imperial sized externally threaded fasteners. Some of the most common consensus standards for grades produced from carbon steels are ASTM A193, ASTM A307, ASTM A354, ASTM F3125, and SAE J429. Some of the most common consensus standards for grades produced from corrosion resistant steels are ASTM F593 & ASTM A193.
Head markings and properties for inch-system hex-head cap screws[43] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head marking | Grade, material and condition | Nominal size range (in) | Proof strength | Yield strength, min. | Tensile strength, min. | Core hardness (Rockwell) | |||
ksi | MPa | ksi | MPa | ksi | MPa | ||||
SAE Grade 0[44] | Strength and hardness is not specified | ||||||||
SAE grade 1 ASTM A307[45] Low carbon steel | 1⁄4–11⁄2 | 33 | 230 | 60 | 410 | B70–100 | |||
ASTM A307 - Grade B[45] Low or medium carbon steel | 1⁄4–4 | 60 minimum 100 maximum | 410 minimum 690 maximum | B69–95 | |||||
SAE grade 2 Low or medium carbon steel | 1⁄4–3⁄4 | 55 | 380 | 57 | 390 | 74 | 510 | B80–100[46] | |
Greater than 3⁄4 | 33 | 230 | 36 | 250 | 60 | 410 | B70–100[46] | ||
SAE grade 4[47] Medium carbon steel; cold worked | 1⁄4–11⁄2 | 100 | 690 | 115 | 790 | ||||
SAE grade 3[45] Medium carbon steel; cold worked | 1⁄4–1 | 85 | 590 | 100 | 690 | B70–100 | |||
SAE grade 5 Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄4–1 (inc.) | 85 | 590 | 92 | 630 | 120 | 830 | C25–34[46] | |
1–11⁄2 | 74 | 510 | 81 | 560 | 105 | 720 | C19–30[46] | ||
ASTM A449 - Type 1[45] Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered | 1–11⁄2 (inc.) | 74 | 510 | 105 | 720 | C19–30 | |||
11⁄2–3 | 55 | 380 | 90 | 620 | Brinell 183–235 | ||||
SAE grade 5.1[48] Low or medium carbon steel; quench and tempered | No. 6–1⁄2 | 85 | 590 | 120 | 830 | C25–40 | |||
SAE grade 5.2[48] Low carbon martensitic steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄4–1 | 85 | 590 | 120 | 830 | C26–36 | |||
ASTM A449 - Type 2[48] Low carbon martensitic steel; quench and tempered | C25–34 | ||||||||
or | ASTM A325 - Type 1[45] Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄2–1 (inc.) | 85 | 590 | 92 | 630[47] | 120 | 830 | C24–35 |
1–11⁄2 | 74 | 510 | 82 | 570[47] | 105 | 720 | C19–31 | ||
[49] | ASTM A325 - Type 3[45] Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄2–1 | 85 | 590 | 92 | 630[47] | 120 | 830 | C24–35 |
1–11⁄2 | 74 | 510 | 82 | 570[47] | 105 | 720 | C19–31 | ||
ASTM A354 - Grade BC[45] Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄4–21⁄2 (inc.) | 105 | 720 | 109 | 750[47] | 125 | 860 | C26–36 | |
21⁄2–4 | 95 | 660 | 99 | 680[47] | 115 | 790 | C22–33 | ||
SAE grade 7 Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄4–11⁄2 | 105 | 720 | 115 | 790 | 133 | 920 | ||
SAE grade 8 Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄4–11⁄2 | 120 | 830 | 130 | 900 | 150 | 1,000 | C32–38[46] | |
ASTM A354 - Grade BD[50] | 1⁄4–21⁄2 (inc.) | 120 | 830 | 130 | 900[50] | 150 | 1,000 | C33–39 | |
21⁄2–4 | 105 | 720 | 115 | 790[50] | 140 | 970 | C31–39 | ||
SAE grade 8.2[46] Medium carbon boron martensitic steel; fully kilned, fine grain, quench and tempered | 1⁄4–1 | 120 | 830 | 150 | 1,000 | C33–39 | |||
ASTM A490 - Type 1[45] Medium carbon alloy steel; quench and tempered | 1⁄2–11⁄2 | 120 | 830 | 130[47] | 900 | 150 minimum 170 maximum | 1,000 minimum 1,200 maximum | C33–38 | |
[49] | ASTM A490 - Type 3[45] Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered | ||||||||
18/8 Stainless Stainless steel with 17–19% chromium and8–13% nickel | 1⁄4–5⁄8 (inc.) | 40 minimum 80–90 typical | 280 minimum 550–620 typical | 100–125 typical | 690–860 typical | ||||
5⁄8–1 (inc.) | 40 minimum 45–70 typical | 280 minimum 310–480 typical | 100 typical | 690 typical | |||||
over 1 | 80–90 typical | 550–620 typical |
Metric[edit]
The international standards for metric externally threaded fasteners are ISO 898-1 for property classes produced from carbon steels and ISO 3506-1 for property classes produced from corrosion resistant steels.
Head markings and properties for metric hex-head cap screws[51] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head marking | Grade, material and condition | Nominal size range (mm) | Proof strength | Yield strength, min. | Tensile strength, min. | Core hardness (Rockwell) | |||
MPa | ksi | MPa | ksi | MPa | ksi | ||||
Class 3.6[52] | 1.6–36 | 180 | 26 | 190 | 28 | 330 | 48 | B52–95 | |
Class 4.6 Low or medium carbon steel | 5–100 | 225 | 32.6 | 240 | 35 | 400 | 58 | B67–95 | |
Class 4.8 Low or medium carbon steel; fully or partially annealed | 1.6–16 | 310 | 45 | 340 | 49 | 420 | 61 | B71–95 | |
Class 5.8 Low or medium carbon steel; cold worked | 5–24 | 380 | 55 | 420 | 61 | 520 | 75 | B82–95 | |
Class 8.8[43] Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered | Under 16 (inc.) | 580 | 84 | 640 | 93 | 800 | 120 | ||
17–72 | 600 | 87 | 660 | 96 | 830 | 120 | C23–34 | ||
Class 8.8 low carbon Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered | |||||||||
Class 8.8.3[53] Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered | |||||||||
ASTM A325M - Type 1[54][55] Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered | 12–36 | ||||||||
ASTM A325M - Type 3[54][55] Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered | |||||||||
Class 9.8 Medium carbon steel; quench and tempered | 1.6–16 | 650 | 94 | 720 | 104 | 900 | 130 | C27–36 | |
Class 9.8 low carbon Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered | |||||||||
Class 10.9 Alloy steel; quench and tempered | 5–100 | 830 | 120 | 940 | 136 | 1,040 | 151 | C33–39 | |
Class 10.9 low carbon Low carbon boron steel; quench and tempered | |||||||||
Class 10.9.3[53] Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered | |||||||||
ASTM A490M - Type 1[54][56] Alloy steel; quench and tempered | 12–36 | ||||||||
ASTM A490M - Type 3[54][56] Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel; quench and tempered | |||||||||
Class 12.9 Alloy steel; quench and tempered | 1.6–100 | 970 | 141 | 1,100 | 160 | 1,220 | 177 | C38–44 | |
A2[43] Stainless steel with 17–19% chromium and 8–13% nickel | up to 20 | 210 minimum 450 typical | 30 minimum 65 typical | 500 minimum 700 typical | 73 minimum 100 typical | ||||
ISO 3506-1 A2-50[citation needed] 304 stainless steel-class 50 (annealed) | 210 | 30 | 500 | 73 | |||||
ISO 3506-1 A2-70[citation needed] 304 stainless steel-class 70 (cold worked) | 450 | 65 | 700 | 100 | |||||
ISO 3506-1 A2-80[citation needed] 304 stainless steel-class 80 | 600 | 87 | 800 | 120 |
Screw head shapes[edit]
(a) pan, (b) dome (button), (c) round, (d) truss (mushroom), (e) flat (countersunk), (f) oval (raised head)
Combination flanged-hex/Phillips-head screw used in computers
- Pan head
- A low disc with a rounded, high outer edge with large surface area[57]
- Button or dome head
- Cylindrical with a rounded top
- Round head
- A dome-shaped head used for decoration.[58]
- Mushroom or Truss head
- Lower-profile dome designed to prevent tampering
- Countersunk or flat head
- Conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to sink into the material. The angle of the screw is measured as the full angle of the cone.
- Oval or raised head
- A decorative screw head with a countersunk bottom and rounded top.[58] Also known as 'raised countersunk' (UK)
- Bugle head
- Similar to countersunk, but there is a smooth progression from the shank to the angle of the head, similar to the bell of a bugle
- Cheese head
- Disc with cylindrical outer edge, height approximately half the head diameter
- Fillister head
- Cylindrical, but with a slightly convex top surface. Height to diameter ratio is larger than cheese head.
- Flanged head
- A flanged head can be any of the above head styles (except the countersunk styles) with the addition of an integrated flange at the base of the head. This eliminates the need for a flat washer.
Rhp Bearings England
Some varieties of screw are manufactured with a break-away head, which snaps off when adequate torque is applied. This prevents tampering and also provides an easily inspectable joint to guarantee proper assembly. An example of this is the shear bolts used on vehicle steering columns, to secure the ignition switch.
Types of screw drives[edit]
Part of a series on |
Screw drive types |
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Slotted |
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Cruciform |
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External polygon |
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Internal polygon |
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Hexalobular |
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Three-pointed |
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Special |
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Modern screws employ a wide variety of drive designs, each requiring a different kind of tool to drive in or extract them. The most common screw drives are the slotted and Phillips in the US; hex, Robertson, and Torx are also common in some applications, and Pozidriv has almost completely replaced Phillips in Europe. Some types of drive are intended for automatic assembly in mass-production of such items as automobiles. More exotic screw drive types may be used in situations where tampering is undesirable, such as in electronic appliances that should not be serviced by the home repair person.
Tools[edit]
An electric driver screws a self-tapping phillips head screw into wood
The hand tool used to drive in most screws is called a screwdriver. A power tool that does the same job is a power screwdriver; power drills may also be used with screw-driving attachments. Where the holding power of the screwed joint is critical, torque-measuring and torque-limiting screwdrivers are used to ensure sufficient but not excessive force is developed by the screw. The hand tool for driving hex head threaded fasteners is a spanner (UK usage) or wrench (US usage), while a nut setter is used with a power screw driver.
Thread standards[edit]
There are many systems for specifying the dimensions of screws, but in much of the world the ISO metric screw thread preferred series has displaced the many older systems. Other relatively common systems include the British Standard Whitworth, BA system (British Association), and the Unified Thread Standard.
ISO metric screw thread[edit]
The basic principles of the ISO metric screw thread are defined in international standardISO 68-1 and preferred combinations of diameter and pitch are listed in ISO 261. The smaller subset of diameter and pitch combinations commonly used in screws, nuts and bolts is given in ISO 262. The most commonly used pitch value for each diameter is the coarse pitch. For some diameters, one or two additional fine pitch variants are also specified, for special applications such as threads in thin-walled pipes. ISO metric screw threads are designated by the letter M followed by the major diameter of the thread in millimeters (e.g. M8). If the thread does not use the normal coarse pitch (e.g. 1.25 mm in the case of M8), then the pitch in millimeters is also appended with a multiplication sign (e.g. 'M8×1' if the screw thread has an outer diameter of 8 mm and advances by 1 mm per 360° rotation).
The nominal diameter of a metric screw is the outer diameter of the thread. The tapped hole (or nut) into which the screw fits, has an internal diameter which is the size of the screw minus the pitch of the thread. Thus, an M6 screw, which has a pitch of 1 mm, is made by threading a 6 mm shank, and the nut or threaded hole is made by tapping threads into a hole of 5 mm diameter (6 mm - 1 mm).
Metric hexagon bolts, screws and nuts are specified, for example, in British Standard BS 4190 (general purpose screws) and BS 3692 (precision screws). The following table lists the relationship given in these standards between the thread size and the maximal width across the hexagonal flats (wrench size):
ISO metric thread | M1.6 | M2 | M2.5 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M8 | M10 | M12 | M16 | M20 | M24 | M30 | M36 | M42 | M48 | M56 | M64 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wrench size (mm) | 3.2 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 13.0 | 17.0 | 19.0 | 24.0 | 30.0 | 36.0 | 46.0 | 55.0 | 65.0 | 75.0 | 85.0 | 95.0 |
In addition, the following non-preferred intermediate sizes are specified:
ISO metric thread | M7 | M14 | M18 | M22 | M27 | M33 | M39 | M45 | M52 | M60 | M68 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wrench size (mm) | 11 | 22 | 27 | 32 | 41 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |
Whitworth[edit]
The first person to create a standard (in about 1841) was the Englishengineer Sir Joseph Whitworth. Whitworth screw sizes are still used, both for repairing old machinery and where a coarser thread than the metric fastener thread is required. Whitworth became British Standard Whitworth, abbreviated to BSW (BS 84:1956) and the British Standard Fine (BSF) thread was introduced in 1908 because the Whitworth thread was too coarse for some applications. The thread angle was 55°, and the depth and pitch varied with the diameter of the thread (i.e., the bigger the bolt, the coarser the thread). Spanners for Whitworth bolts are marked with the size of the bolt, not the distance across the flats of the screw head.
The most common use of a Whitworth pitch nowadays is in all UK scaffolding. Additionally, the standard photographic tripod thread, which for small cameras is 1/4' Whitworth (20 tpi) and for medium/large format cameras is 3/8' Whitworth (16 tpi). It is also used for microphone stands and their appropriate clips, again in both sizes, along with 'thread adapters' to allow the smaller size to attach to items requiring the larger thread. Note that while 1/4' UNC bolts fit 1/4' BSW camera tripod bushes, yield strength is reduced by the different thread angles of 60° and 55° respectively.
British Association screw thread[edit]
British Association (BA) screw threads, named after the British Association for Advancement of Science, were devised in 1884 and standardised in 1903. Screws were described as '2BA', '4BA' etc., the odd numbers being rarely used, except in equipment made prior to the 1970s for telephone exchanges in the UK. This equipment made extensive use of odd-numbered BA screws, in order—it may be suspected—to reduce theft. BA threads are specified by British Standard BS 93:1951 'Specification for British Association (B.A.) screw threads with tolerances for sizes 0 B.A. to 16 B.A.'
While not related to ISO metric screws, the sizes were actually defined in metric terms, a 0BA thread having a 6 mm diameter and 1 mm pitch. Other threads in the BA series are related to 0BA in a geometric series with the common factors 0.9 and 1.2. For example, a 4BA thread has pitch mm (0.65mm) and diameter mm (3.62mm). Although 0BA has the same diameter and pitch as ISO M6, the threads have different forms and are not compatible.
BA threads are still common in some niche applications. Certain types of fine machinery, such as moving-coil meters and clocks, tend to have BA threads wherever they are manufactured. BA sizes were also used extensively in aircraft, especially those manufactured in the United Kingdom. BA sizing is still used in railway signalling, mainly for the termination of electrical equipment and cabling.
BA threads are extensively used in Model Engineering where the smaller hex head sizes make scale fastenings easier to represent. As a result, many UK Model Engineering suppliers still carry stocks of BA fasteners up to typically 8BA and 10BA. 5BA is also commonly used as it can be threaded onto 1/8 rod.[59]
Unified Thread Standard[edit]
The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) is most commonly used in the United States, but is also extensively used in Canada and occasionally in other countries. The size of a UTS screw is described using the following format: X-Y, where X is the nominal size (the hole or slot size in standard manufacturing practice through which the shank of the screw can easily be pushed) and Y is the threads per inch (TPI). For sizes 1⁄4 inch and larger the size is given as a fraction; for sizes less than this an integer is used, ranging from 0 to 16. The integer sizes can be converted to the actual diameter by using the formula 0.060 + (0.013 × number). For example, a #4 screw is 0.060 + (0.013 × 4) = 0.060 + 0.052 = 0.112 inches in diameter. There are also screw sizes smaller than '0' (zero or ought). The sizes are 00, 000, 0000 which are usually referred to as two ought, three ought, and four ought. Most eyeglasses have the bows screwed to the frame with 00-72 (pronounced double ought – seventy two) size screws. To calculate the major diameter of 'ought' size screws count the number of 0's and multiply this number by 0.013 and subtract from 0.060. For example, the major diameter of a 000-72 screw thread is .060 – (3 x .013) = 0.060 - 0.039 = .021 inches. For most size screws there are multiple TPI available, with the most common being designated a Unified Coarse Thread (UNC or UN) and Unified Fine Thread (UNF or UF). Note: In countries other than the United States and Canada, the ISO Metric Screw Thread System is primarily used today. Unlike most other countries the United States and Canada still use the Unified (Inch) Thread System. However, both are moving over to the ISO Metric System. It is estimated that approximately 60% of screw threads in use in the United States are still inch based.[60]
Manufacture[edit]
There are three steps in manufacturing a screw: heading, thread rolling, and coating. Screws are normally made from wire, which is supplied in large coils, or round bar stock for larger screws. The wire or rod is then cut to the proper length for the type of screw being made; this workpiece is known as a blank. It is then cold headed, which is a cold working process. Heading produces the head of the screw. The shape of the die in the machine dictates what features are pressed into the screw head; for example a flat head screw uses a flat die. For more complicated shapes two heading processes are required to get all of the features into the screw head. This production method is used because heading has a very high production rate, and produces virtually no waste material. Slotted head screws require an extra step to cut the slot in the head; this is done on a slotting machine. These machines are essentially stripped down milling machines designed to process as many blanks as possible.
The blanks are then polished[citation needed] again prior to threading. The threads are usually produced via thread rolling; however, some are cut. The workpiece is then tumble finished with wood and leather media to do final cleaning and polishing.[citation needed] For most screws, a coating, such as electroplating with zinc (galvanizing) or applying black oxide, is applied to prevent corrosion.
History[edit]
A lathe of 1871, equipped with leadscrew and change gears for single-point screw-cutting.
A Brown & Sharpe single-spindle screw machine.
While a recent hypothesis attributes the Archimedes' screw to Sennacherib, King of Assyria, archaeological finds and pictorial evidence only appear in the Hellenistic period and the standard view holds the device to be a Greek invention, most probably by the 3rd century BC polymath Archimedes.[61][dubious] Though resembling a screw, this is not a screw in the usual sense of the word.
Earlier, the screw had been described by the Greek mathematicianArchytas of Tarentum (428–350 BC). By the 1st century BC, wooden screws were commonly used throughout the Mediterranean world in screw presses for pressing olive oil from olives and pressing juice from grapes in winemaking. Metal screws used as fasteners were rare in Europe before the 15th century, if known at all.[62]
Rybczynski has shown[63] that handheld screwdrivers (formerly called 'turnscrews' in English, in more direct parallel to their original French name, tournevis[64]) have existed since medieval times (the 1580s at the latest), although they probably did not become truly widespread until after 1800, once threaded fasteners had become commodified, as detailed below.[peacock term]
There were many forms of fastening in use before threaded fasteners became widespread. They tended to involve carpentry and smithing rather than machining, and they involved concepts such as dowels and pins, wedging, mortises and tenons, dovetails, nailing (with or without clenching the nail ends), forge welding, and many kinds of binding with cord made of leather or fiber, using many kinds of knots. Prior to the mid-19th century, cotter pins or pin bolts, and 'clinch bolts' (now called rivets), were used in shipbuilding. Glues also existed, although not in the profusion seen today.
The metal screw did not become a common fastener until machine tools for their mass production were developed toward the end of the 18th century. This development blossomed in the 1760s and 1770s[65] along two separate paths that soon converged:[66] the mass production of wood screws (meaning screws made of metal to be used in wood) in a specialized, single-purpose, high-volume-production machine tool; and the low-count, toolroom-style production of machine screws (V-thread) with easy selection among various pitches (whatever the machinist happened to need on any given day).
The first path was pioneered by brothers Job and William Wyatt of Staffordshire, UK,[67] who patented in 1760 a machine that we might today best call a screw machine of an early and prescient sort. It made use of a leadscrew to guide the cutter to produce the desired pitch,[67] and the slot was cut with a rotary file while the main spindle held still (presaging live tools on lathes 250 years later). Not until 1776 did the Wyatt brothers have a wood-screw factory up and running.[67] Their enterprise failed, but new owners soon made it prosper, and in the 1780s they were producing 16,000 screws a day with only 30 employees[68]—the kind of industrial productivity and output volume that would later be characteristic of modern industry but was revolutionary at the time.
Meanwhile, English instrument maker Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800) was working on the toolmaking and instrument-making end of the screw-cutting problem, and in 1777 he invented the first satisfactory screw-cutting lathe.[60] The British engineer Henry Maudslay (1771–1831) gained fame by popularizing such lathes with his screw-cutting lathes of 1797 and 1800, containing the trifecta of leadscrew, slide rest, and change-gear gear train, all in the right proportions for industrial machining. In a sense he unified the paths of the Wyatts and Ramsden and did for machine screws what had already been done for wood screws, i.e., significant easing of production spurring commodification. His firm would remain a leader in machine tools for decades afterward. A misquoting of James Nasmyth popularized the notion that Maudslay had invented the slide rest, but this was incorrect; however, his lathes helped to popularize it.
These developments of the 1760–1800 era, with the Wyatts and Maudslay being arguably the most important drivers, caused great increase in the use of threaded fasteners. Standardization of threadforms began almost immediately, but it was not quickly completed; it has been an evolving process ever since. Further improvements to the mass production of screws continued to push unit prices lower and lower for decades to come, throughout the 19th century.[69]
The American development of the turret lathe (1840s) and of automatic screw machines derived from it (1870s) drastically reduced the unit cost of threaded fasteners by increasingly automating the machine tool control. This cost reduction spurred ever greater use of screws.
Throughout the 19th century, the most commonly used forms of screw head (that is, drive types) were simple internal-wrenching straight slots and external-wrenching squares and hexagons. These were easy to machine and served most applications adequately. Rybczynski describes a flurry of patents for alternative drive types in the 1860s through 1890s,[70] but explains that these were patented but not manufactured due to the difficulties and expense of doing so at the time. In 1908, Canadian P. L. Robertson was the first to make the internal-wrenching square socket drive a practical reality by developing just the right design (slight taper angles and overall proportions) to allow the head to be stamped easily but successfully, with the metal cold forming as desired rather than being sheared or displaced in unwanted ways.[70] Practical manufacture of the internal-wrenching hexagon drive (hex socket) shortly followed in 1911.[71][72]
In the early 1930s, the popular Phillips-head screw was invented by American Henry F. Phillips.[73]
Fag Bearings Technical Support
Threadform standardization further improved in the late 1940s, when the ISO metric screw thread and the Unified Thread Standard were defined.
Bearings Technical Drawings
Precision screws, for controlling motion rather than fastening, developed around the turn of the 19th century, were one of the central technical advances, along with flat surfaces, that enabled the industrial revolution.[74] They are key components of micrometers and lathes.
Other fastening methods[edit]
Alternative fastening methods are:
- pins (dowel pins, taper pins, roll pins, spring pins, cotter pins)
- pinned shafts (keyed shafts, woodruff keys, gibb-headed key)
- screw bolt, pin bolt or cotter bolt, and clench bolt- as used in clinker boat building
- joinery (mortise & tenon, dovetailing, box joints, lap joints)
- clinch fastening
See also[edit]
- Tap and die
- Threaded rod (e.g. studs, allthread)
References[edit]
- ^Smith 1990, p. 39.
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- ^'Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary bolt'. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^'The Fastener Resource Center - Know your Bolts'. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
- ^ abWhite, Christopher. 'Observations on the Development of Wood Screws in North America'(PDF).
- ^'Making 18th c wood screws'.
- ^'Iron Age, Volume 44'.
- ^Moxon, Joseph (1703). Mechanic Exercises: Or the Doctrine of Handy-Works. Mendham, NJ.
- ^Oberg et al. 2000, pp. 1568–1598.
- ^Oberg et al. 2000, p. 1496.
- ^'Distinguishing Bolts from Screws page 7'(PDF). Retrieved 2018-07-23.
- ^'National Institute of Standards and Technology - NIST'. NIST. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) - ^B18.2.1 - 1996 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch Series - Print-Book
- ^'autorepair.com Glossary - lug bolt'. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
- ^'autozone.com Glossary - head bolt'. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Merriam-Webster.
- ^Oberg et al. 2000, p. 1497.
- ^U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency (CBP) (July 2012), What Every Member of the Trade Community Should Know About: Distinguishing Bolts from Screws, An Informed Compliance Publication (2011-02 ed.), Washington, D.C., USA: CBP.gov.
- ^ abDyke's Automobile and Gasoline Engine Encyclopedia page 701, A.L. Dyke, 1919, retrieved 2009-01-13.
- ^https://www.aspenfasteners.com/Concrete-Screws-Tapcon-Style-s/2.htm
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|dead-url=
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- ^See:
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Bibliography[edit]
- Bickford, John H.; Nassar, Sayed (1998), Handbook of bolts and bolted joints, CRC Press, ISBN978-0-8247-9977-9.
- Colvin, Fred Herbert; Stanley, Frank Arthur (1914), American Machinists' Handbook and Dictionary of Shop Terms (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill.
- Hallowell, Howard Thomas, Sr (1951), How a Farm Boy Built a Successful Corporation: An Autobiography, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, USA: Standard Pressed Steel Company, LCCN52001275, OCLC521866.
- Huth, Mark W. (2003), Basic Principles for Construction, Cengage Learning, ISBN1-4018-3837-5.
- Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (2000), Machinery's Handbook (26th ed.), New York: Industrial Press Inc., ISBN0-8311-2635-3.
- Rybczynski, Witold (2000), One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw, Scribner, ISBN978-0-684-86729-8, LCCN00036988, OCLC462234518. Various republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).
- Ryffel, Henry H.; et al. (1988), Machinery's Handbook (23rd ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN978-0-8311-1200-4.
- Smith, Carroll (1990), Carroll Smith's Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, ISBN0-87938-406-9.
Skf Bearings Technical Support
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Screw. |
Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.) article Screw. |
Nachi Bearings Technical Support
- 'Hold Everything', February 1946, Popular Science' article section on screws and screw fastener technology developed during World War Two
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